Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome

ABSTRACT Interindividual variation in the composition of the human gut microbiome was examined in relation to demographic and anthropometric traits, and to changes in dietary saturated fat intake and protein source. One hundred nine healthy men and women aged 21 to 65, with BMIs of 18 to 36, were ra...

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Autores principales:	Jennifer M. Lang, Calvin Pan, Rita M. Cantor, W. H. Wilson Tang, Jose Carlos Garcia-Garcia, Ira Kurtz, Stanley L. Hazen, Nathalie Bergeron, Ronald M. Krauss, Aldons J. Lusis
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	American Society for Microbiology 2018
Materias:	diet diversity gut microbiome personal traits protein saturated fat Microbiology QR1-502
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/85a47908431148a185a2aef007204190
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:85a47908431148a185a2aef0072041902021-11-15T15:52:18ZImpact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome10.1128/mBio.01604-182150-7511https://doaj.org/article/85a47908431148a185a2aef0072041902018-12-01T00:00:00Zhttps://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.01604-18https://doaj.org/toc/2150-7511ABSTRACT Interindividual variation in the composition of the human gut microbiome was examined in relation to demographic and anthropometric traits, and to changes in dietary saturated fat intake and protein source. One hundred nine healthy men and women aged 21 to 65, with BMIs of 18 to 36, were randomized, after a two-week baseline diet, to high (15% total energy [E])- or low (7%E)-saturated-fat groups and randomly received three diets (four weeks each) in which the protein source (25%E) was mainly red meat (beef, pork) (12%E), white meat (chicken, turkey) (12%E), and nonmeat sources (nuts, beans, soy) (16%E). Taxonomic characterization using 16S ribosomal DNA was performed on fecal samples collected at each diet completion. Interindividual differences in age, body fat (%), height, ethnicity, sex, and alpha diversity (Shannon) were all significant factors, and most samples clustered by participant in the PCoA ordination. The dietary interventions did not significantly alter the overall microbiome community in ordination space, but there was an effect on taxon abundance levels. Saturated fat had a greater effect than protein source on taxon differential abundance, but protein source had a significant effect once the fat influence was removed. Higher alpha diversity predicted lower beta diversity between the experimental and baseline diets, indicating greater resistance to change in people with higher microbiome diversity. Our results suggest that interindividual differences outweighed the influence of these specific dietary changes on the microbiome and that moderate changes in saturated fat level and protein source correspond to modest changes in the microbiome. IMPORTANCE The microbiome has proven to influence health and disease, but how combinations of external factors affect the microbiome is relatively unknown. Diet can cause changes, but this is usually achieved by altering macronutrient ratios and has not focused on dietary protein source or saturated fat intake levels. In addition, each individual’s unique microbiome profile can be an important factor during studies, and it has even been shown to affect therapeutic outcomes. We show here that the effects of individual differences outweighed the effect of experimental diets and that protein source is less influential than saturated fat level. This suggests that fat and protein composition, separate from macronutrient ratio and carbohydrate composition, is an important consideration in dietary studies.Jennifer M. LangCalvin PanRita M. CantorW. H. Wilson TangJose Carlos Garcia-GarciaIra KurtzStanley L. HazenNathalie BergeronRonald M. KraussAldons J. LusisAmerican Society for Microbiologyarticledietdiversitygut microbiomepersonal traitsproteinsaturated fatMicrobiologyQR1-502ENmBio, Vol 9, Iss 6 (2018)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	diet diversity gut microbiome personal traits protein saturated fat Microbiology QR1-502
spellingShingle	diet diversity gut microbiome personal traits protein saturated fat Microbiology QR1-502 Jennifer M. Lang Calvin Pan Rita M. Cantor W. H. Wilson Tang Jose Carlos Garcia-Garcia Ira Kurtz Stanley L. Hazen Nathalie Bergeron Ronald M. Krauss Aldons J. Lusis Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome
description	ABSTRACT Interindividual variation in the composition of the human gut microbiome was examined in relation to demographic and anthropometric traits, and to changes in dietary saturated fat intake and protein source. One hundred nine healthy men and women aged 21 to 65, with BMIs of 18 to 36, were randomized, after a two-week baseline diet, to high (15% total energy [E])- or low (7%E)-saturated-fat groups and randomly received three diets (four weeks each) in which the protein source (25%E) was mainly red meat (beef, pork) (12%E), white meat (chicken, turkey) (12%E), and nonmeat sources (nuts, beans, soy) (16%E). Taxonomic characterization using 16S ribosomal DNA was performed on fecal samples collected at each diet completion. Interindividual differences in age, body fat (%), height, ethnicity, sex, and alpha diversity (Shannon) were all significant factors, and most samples clustered by participant in the PCoA ordination. The dietary interventions did not significantly alter the overall microbiome community in ordination space, but there was an effect on taxon abundance levels. Saturated fat had a greater effect than protein source on taxon differential abundance, but protein source had a significant effect once the fat influence was removed. Higher alpha diversity predicted lower beta diversity between the experimental and baseline diets, indicating greater resistance to change in people with higher microbiome diversity. Our results suggest that interindividual differences outweighed the influence of these specific dietary changes on the microbiome and that moderate changes in saturated fat level and protein source correspond to modest changes in the microbiome. IMPORTANCE The microbiome has proven to influence health and disease, but how combinations of external factors affect the microbiome is relatively unknown. Diet can cause changes, but this is usually achieved by altering macronutrient ratios and has not focused on dietary protein source or saturated fat intake levels. In addition, each individual’s unique microbiome profile can be an important factor during studies, and it has even been shown to affect therapeutic outcomes. We show here that the effects of individual differences outweighed the effect of experimental diets and that protein source is less influential than saturated fat level. This suggests that fat and protein composition, separate from macronutrient ratio and carbohydrate composition, is an important consideration in dietary studies.
format	article
author	Jennifer M. Lang Calvin Pan Rita M. Cantor W. H. Wilson Tang Jose Carlos Garcia-Garcia Ira Kurtz Stanley L. Hazen Nathalie Bergeron Ronald M. Krauss Aldons J. Lusis
author_facet	Jennifer M. Lang Calvin Pan Rita M. Cantor W. H. Wilson Tang Jose Carlos Garcia-Garcia Ira Kurtz Stanley L. Hazen Nathalie Bergeron Ronald M. Krauss Aldons J. Lusis
author_sort	Jennifer M. Lang
title	Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome
title_short	Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome
title_full	Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome
title_fullStr	Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome
title_full_unstemmed	Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome
title_sort	impact of individual traits, saturated fat, and protein source on the gut microbiome
publisher	American Society for Microbiology
publishDate	2018
url	https://doaj.org/article/85a47908431148a185a2aef007204190
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Impact of Individual Traits, Saturated Fat, and Protein Source on the Gut Microbiome

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