Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review

The load in resistance training is considered to be a critical variable for neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, it is important to assess the effects of applying different loads on the development of maximal strength and muscular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to systematically review the...

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Autores principales:	Marcio Lacio, João Guilherme Vieira, Robert Trybulski, Yuri Campos, Derick Santana, José Elias Filho, Jefferson Novaes, Jeferson Vianna, Michal Wilk
Formato:	article
Lenguaje:	EN
Publicado:	MDPI AG 2021
Materias:	adult male high load low load morphological adaptations strength training Medicine R
Acceso en línea:	https://doaj.org/article/d7f58df0c1f04a8586fa8ef6deb0ae41
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spelling	oai:doaj.org-article:d7f58df0c1f04a8586fa8ef6deb0ae412021-11-11T16:23:20ZEffects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review10.3390/ijerph1821112371660-46011661-7827https://doaj.org/article/d7f58df0c1f04a8586fa8ef6deb0ae412021-10-01T00:00:00Zhttps://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/21/11237https://doaj.org/toc/1661-7827https://doaj.org/toc/1660-4601The load in resistance training is considered to be a critical variable for neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, it is important to assess the effects of applying different loads on the development of maximal strength and muscular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and compare the effects of resistance training that was performed with low loads versus moderate and high loads in untrained and trained healthy adult males on the development of maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy during randomized experimental designs. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (2021) were followed with the eligibility criteria defined according to participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design (PICOS): (P) healthy males between 18 and 40 years old, (I) interventions performed with low loads, (C) interventions performed with moderate or high loads, (O) development of maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy, and (S) randomized experimental studies with between- or within-subject parallel designs. The literature search strategy was performed in three electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science) on 22 August 2021. <i>Results:</i> Twenty-three studies with a total of 563 participants (80.6% untrained and 19.4% trained) were selected. The studies included both relative and absolute loads. All studies were classified as being moderate-to-high methodological quality, although only two studies had a score higher than six points. The main findings indicated that the load magnitude that was used during resistance training influenced the dynamic strength and isometric strength gains. In general, comparisons between the groups (i.e., low, moderate, and high loads) showed higher gains in 1RM and maximal voluntary isometric contraction when moderate and high loads were used. In contrast, regarding muscle hypertrophy, most studies showed that when resistance training was performed to muscle failure, the load used had less influence on muscle hypertrophy. The current literature shows that gains in maximal strength are more pronounced with high and moderate loads compared to low loads in healthy adult male populations. However, for muscle hypertrophy, studies indicate that a wide spectrum of loads (i.e., 30 to 90% 1RM) may be used for healthy adult male populations.Marcio LacioJoão Guilherme VieiraRobert TrybulskiYuri CamposDerick SantanaJosé Elias FilhoJefferson NovaesJeferson ViannaMichal WilkMDPI AGarticleadult malehigh loadlow loadmorphological adaptationsstrength trainingMedicineRENInternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 18, Iss 11237, p 11237 (2021)
institution	DOAJ
collection	DOAJ
language	EN
topic	adult male high load low load morphological adaptations strength training Medicine R
spellingShingle	adult male high load low load morphological adaptations strength training Medicine R Marcio Lacio João Guilherme Vieira Robert Trybulski Yuri Campos Derick Santana José Elias Filho Jefferson Novaes Jeferson Vianna Michal Wilk Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review
description	The load in resistance training is considered to be a critical variable for neuromuscular adaptations. Therefore, it is important to assess the effects of applying different loads on the development of maximal strength and muscular hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature and compare the effects of resistance training that was performed with low loads versus moderate and high loads in untrained and trained healthy adult males on the development of maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy during randomized experimental designs. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (2021) were followed with the eligibility criteria defined according to participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design (PICOS): (P) healthy males between 18 and 40 years old, (I) interventions performed with low loads, (C) interventions performed with moderate or high loads, (O) development of maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy, and (S) randomized experimental studies with between- or within-subject parallel designs. The literature search strategy was performed in three electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science) on 22 August 2021. <i>Results:</i> Twenty-three studies with a total of 563 participants (80.6% untrained and 19.4% trained) were selected. The studies included both relative and absolute loads. All studies were classified as being moderate-to-high methodological quality, although only two studies had a score higher than six points. The main findings indicated that the load magnitude that was used during resistance training influenced the dynamic strength and isometric strength gains. In general, comparisons between the groups (i.e., low, moderate, and high loads) showed higher gains in 1RM and maximal voluntary isometric contraction when moderate and high loads were used. In contrast, regarding muscle hypertrophy, most studies showed that when resistance training was performed to muscle failure, the load used had less influence on muscle hypertrophy. The current literature shows that gains in maximal strength are more pronounced with high and moderate loads compared to low loads in healthy adult male populations. However, for muscle hypertrophy, studies indicate that a wide spectrum of loads (i.e., 30 to 90% 1RM) may be used for healthy adult male populations.
format	article
author	Marcio Lacio João Guilherme Vieira Robert Trybulski Yuri Campos Derick Santana José Elias Filho Jefferson Novaes Jeferson Vianna Michal Wilk
author_facet	Marcio Lacio João Guilherme Vieira Robert Trybulski Yuri Campos Derick Santana José Elias Filho Jefferson Novaes Jeferson Vianna Michal Wilk
author_sort	Marcio Lacio
title	Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review
title_short	Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review
title_full	Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review
title_fullStr	Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review
title_full_unstemmed	Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review
title_sort	effects of resistance training performed with different loads in untrained and trained male adult individuals on maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review
publisher	MDPI AG
publishDate	2021
url	https://doaj.org/article/d7f58df0c1f04a8586fa8ef6deb0ae41
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Effects of Resistance Training Performed with Different Loads in Untrained and Trained Male Adult Individuals on Maximal Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review

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